Henry Clay

April 12, 1777 – June 29, 1852

Kentucky senator known as the "Great Compromiser", engineered the Missouri Compromise and packaged the Compromise of 1850.

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Henry Clay was born in Virginia in 1777 and rose from modest beginnings to become one of the most powerful and influential politicians in American history without ever winning the presidency he so badly wanted. A brilliant, charming speaker, he moved to Kentucky as a young lawyer and was soon elected to Congress. Serving across several decades as a leader in both the House of Representatives, where he was a famously commanding Speaker, and the Senate, Clay helped shape nearly every major national debate of the early republic. Clay is best remembered as 'the Great Compromiser,' the man who repeatedly stitched together deals to hold the Union together as the nation fought over slavery. In 1820 he helped engineer the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and drew a line across the West to separate future slave and free territory. Three decades later, as the country again neared breakdown, the aging Clay helped assemble the Compromise of 1850, a bundle of measures balancing Northern and Southern demands. His grand omnibus bill actually failed at first; it was Stephen A. Douglas who broke it into separate bills and pushed them through. Clay believed deeply that preserving the Union was worth painful concessions, and he was willing to be unpopular to keep the country whole. Clay was more than a dealmaker. He championed an ambitious economic program he called the American System: a national bank, protective tariffs to encourage American industry, and federal spending on roads and canals to knit the growing country together. He also helped found the Whig Party. Yet he ran for president and lost repeatedly, most painfully in 1844, leading to his famous remark that he would 'rather be right than be president.' Clay's legacy is genuinely complicated, and worth thinking about carefully. His compromises repeatedly pulled the nation back from the brink and may have delayed civil war for decades, buying the North time to grow stronger. But those same bargains treated the freedom of enslaved people as a bargaining chip, protected slavery where it existed, and put off a reckoning that many, including a rising politician named Abraham Lincoln who admired Clay, came to believe could only be settled by ending slavery itself. Clay died in 1852, less than a decade before the compromises he had built finally collapsed into the Civil War.

Henry Clay

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